Reduction of input
Soil residual P management
Changes in cropping
*D1* Grass buffers (within field, e.g. half way up field)
*E1* Purify water, e.g. in infiltration beds
*F1* Stimulate growth of submerged water plants
*A1* Nutrient balance below 100% for plots with (very) high P status (depletion)
*B1* Immobilising amendments to soil
*C4* Cover cropping during winter :
*D6* Buffer / riparian zones (on field boundaries)
*E5* Constructed wetlands
*F4* Biomanipulation (e.g. remove sediment resuspending fish)
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Note: some options under 'soluble forms' are also applicable to 'particulate forms', and vice versa.
*
A. Options for reducing agricultural phosphorus input or increasing output
*A1* Nutrient balance below 100% for plots with (very) high P status (depletion) [ref]
*A2* Other plots: make input equal to offtake of P with crops
*A3* Reduce fertiliser inputs to:
a -- arable land [ref]
b -- grassland [ref]
c -- horticulture
Increasing output
*A4* Choose crops with higher P-uptake
*A5* Remove crop residues after harvest
Livestock management
*A6* Reduce feed P input to dairy [ref]
*A7* Use phytase to reduce feed P input [ref]
*A8* Use low phytate feed [ref]
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*
B. Options for reducing (conversion to) soluble forms of P
*B1* Immobilising amendments to soil [ref]
*B2* Ploughing soil for reducing stratification [ref]
Fertiliser management
*B3* Slowly available P fertilisers
*B4* Incorporation of inorganic or organic fertilisers [ref]
*B5* Placement
*B6* Timing windows for application
*B7* Precision farming
*B8* Composting of crop residues
Manure management
*B09* Change from liquid to solid manure [ref]
*B10* Injection of liquid manure [ref]
*B11* Incorporation
*B12* Timing windows for application
*B13* Immobilising amendments to manure [ref]
*B14* Reduce rate of application and redistribution of manure [ref]
*B15* Separate solid and liquid manure fractions (makes transport cheaper)
*B16* Recycle P from animal manure [ref]
Livestock management
*B17* Reduce stocking density
*B18* Stop animal production (locally)
*B19* Restrict livestock access in marginal places/times
*B20* Use plastic for grass silage (decreases risk of P in silage effluent)
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*
C. Options for reducing mobilisation of particulate forms of P
*C1* Choose crops that are less sensitive for surface runoff
*C2* Arable to grassland (margins of arable land e.g. flood areas, uplands)
*C3* Arable to willow coppice (use crop in power station)
*C4* Cover cropping during winter (note: risk of soluble P loss from frozen plant residues) [ref]
*C5* Avoid late sowing in high risk areas
Cultivation management
*C6* Minimum, ridge or no-tillage (especially in autumn) [ref]
*C7* Contour cultivation
*C8* Mulching
*C9* Change tramline management (omit tramlines in the winter)
*C10* Cultivate across slope
*C11* Increase surface roughness
*C12* Subsoiling across slope (decrease surface runoff)
*C13* Level out field
*C14* Improve infiltration capacity of the soil by: [ref]
a - improve organic matter content of the soil
b - avoid tilling of wet soil which deteriorates aggregates and soil structure
c - reduce soil compaction (avoids compact plough pan)
d - deep ploughing for destroying a plough pan (and deep macropores)
Miscellaneous
*C15* Use of soil stabilisers (sand/silt/chalk soils on arable land)
*C16* Increase soil level along ditches
*C17* Restrict livestock access to (borders of) surface water
*C18* Improve subsurface drainage (install artificial drains) [ref]
*C19* Mix the backfill with CaO after digging for drain tiles
*C20* Use controlled drainage for reducing the amount of water leaving a field
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*
D. Options for reducing phosphorus transport on field scale
*D2* Farm track sediment traps
*D3* Move gateways away from points of drainage i.e. from down to up slope
*D4* Install hedges and make fields smaller
*D5* Stop fertilising ditch borders
*D6* Buffer / riparian zones (on field boundaries) [ref]
*D7* Environmentally sustainable embankment of ditches or streams
*D8* Immobilising amendments to buffer zones (e.g. iron or CaO)
*D9* Disconnect farm infrastructure from sewerage or surface water
*D10* Install surface runoff water inlet (tank without bottom connected to tile drain)
*D11* Increase retention time of (drain) water within field by:
a - removing trenches or ditches
b - removing artificial drains
c - increasing depth of artificial drains
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*
E. Options for reducing phosphorus transport in surface water
*E2* Sedimentation ponds
*E3* Barrier ditches (linear sedimentation ponds)
*E4* Increase retention time in ditches (stimulates deposition of particulate P)
*E5* Constructed wetlands [ref]
*E6* Immobilising amendments to constructed wetlands [ref]
*E7* Remove sediments from streams (dredging)
*E8* Place removed sediments within field (not on ditch border)
*E9* Immobilising amendments to sediments [ref]
*E10* Prevent that eutrofied surface water enters P-sensitive water (re-routing) [ref]
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F. Options for abating consequences of eutrophication in surface water
*F2* Remove biomass from ditches and streams (e.g. reed, duck-weed)
*F3* Place removed biomass within field (not on ditch border)
*F4* Biomanipulation (e.g. remove sediment resuspending fish) [ref]
*F5* Increase lake depth (reduces resuspension of sediment by wind) [ref]
*F6* Flushing lake water with 'clean' surface water
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List of publications in which experiences with options to reduce P loss from
agriculture are described.
(examples, further references can be added by authors or others)
References are grouped under different headings, namely dealing with options for:
» » reducing agricultural phosphorus input or increasing output
» » reducing soluble forms of P ('leaching')
» » reducing mobilisation of particulate forms ('erosion')
» » reducing phosphorus transport within field
» » reducing phosphorus transport in surface water
» » abating ecological consequences of eutrophication in surface water
By clicking on the year of a reference the specific reference can be seen. Click on "Back" to return to previous position.
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A. Options for reducing agricultural phosphorus input or increasing output
Barber, 1979; Brown & Gibson, 2002; Delgado & Torrent, 1997; Delorme et al., 2000;
Eghball et al., 2002; Guo et al., 2000; Halvorson & Black, 1985; Hedley et al., 1994; Hooker et al., 1983;
Koopmans et al. 2004a, 2004b; Marrs, 1985; McCollum, 1991;
Oehl et al., 2002; Pierson et al., 2001; Pothuluri et al., 1991;
Schärer, 2003; Sharma et al., 2002, 2003, 2004;
Sharpley, 1999; Sims et al., 2002;
Sistani et al. 2002; Snow & Marrs, 1996; Wagar et al., 1986;
Yli-Halla, 1989,1991; Yli-Halla et al., 2002;
*A3a* Reducing inputs to arable land
-- Bechmann & Stĺlnacke, 2003
*A3b* Reducing inputs to grassland
-- Bechmann & Stĺlnacke, 2003; Environment and Heritage Service, 1999; Smith et al., 2004;
*A6* Reduce feed P input to dairy
-- Dou et al., 2002;
*A7* Use phytase to reduce feed P input
Applegate et al., 2003; Baxter et al., 2003; Cromwell et al., 1993, 1995;
Harper et al., 1997; Jongbloed et al., 1992; Keshavarz & Austic, 2004; Lei et al., 1993a, 1993b;
Maguire et al., 2003a, b; McGrath et al., 2003a, b;
Miles et al., 2003; Moore et al., 2000; Pierce & Cromwell, 1999; Pointillart, 1993;
Sands et al., 2001; Smith et al., 2004; Valk et al., 2000
*A8* Use low phytate feed
Applegate et al., 2003; Baxter et al., 2003;
Cromwell et al., 1998; Ertl et al., 1998; Keshavarz & Austic, 2004; Miles et al., 2003;
Moore et al., 2000; Novak & Watts, 2004;
Pierce & Cromwell, 1999; Raboy et al., 1990;
Sands et al., 2001; Spencer et al., 2000; Valk et al., 2000; Veum et al., 2001;
Wienhold & Miller, 2004; Wilcox et al., 2000;
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B. Options for reducing (conversion to) soluble forms of P
Alvisyahrin et al., 1998; Anderson et al., 1995; Basta, 2000; Basta & Storm, 1997;
Basta et al., 1998, 1999, 2001, 2003
Callahan et al., 2002; Chardon & Koopmans, 1999; Codling et al., 2002; Daniels et al., 1999;
Dayton, 1999; Dayton & Basta, 2003; Dayton et al., 2000, 2001, 2003a, 2003b;
DeWolfe & Basta, 2003; Elliott et al., 2002; Friend et al., 2003; Gallimore, 1999;
Gallimore et al., 1999; Hendriks & Huijsmans, 1995;
Jonasson, 1996; Lane, 2002; Novak & Watts, 2004; O’Connor et al., 2002;
Peters, 1996; Peters & Basta, 1996; Ritchey, 1998; Schärer, 2003; Scheffer et al., 1985;
Schoumans & Köhlenberg, 1995; Schweigert 2004; Shober et al., 2003; Stout et al., 1998, 2000; Zupancic, 1999;
*B2* Ploughing soil for reducing stratification
Morrison et al., 1994; Peltovuori, 2002; Pezzarossa et al., 1995;
Rehm et al., 1995; Schärer, 2003; Sharpley, 2003; Weil et al., 1988; Weill et al., 1990;
*B4* Incorporation of inorganic or organic fertilisers
-- Djodjic et al., 2002; Ulén & Mattsson, 2003
*B9* Change from liquid to solid manure
-- Ginting et al., 1998a,b
*B10* Injection of liquid manure
-- Nichols et al., 1994; Pote et al., 2002; Ross et al., 1998
*B13* Immobilising amendments to manure
Dao, 1999; Dao & Daniel, 2002; Dao et al., 2001; Dou et al., 2003;
Elrashidi et al., 1999; Gilmour et al., 2004; Miles et al., 2003; Moore & Miller, 1994;
Moore et al., 1995; 1999; 2000; Schweigert 2004;
Shreve et al., 1995; 1996;
Sims & Luka-McCafferty, 2002; Smith et al., 2001; 2004;
*B14* Reduce rate of application and redistribution of manure
Sharpley et al., 1994; Sims, 1997; Ulén et al., 2004
*B16* Recycle P from animal manure
Much information (reports, hundreds of references) on this topic can be found on the web site:
www.nhm.ac.uk/mineralogy/P-recovery/
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C. Options for reducing mobilisation of particulate forms of P
-- Ulén et al., 2002; Ulén, 2004;
*C6* Minimum, ridge or no-tillage (especially in autumn)
-- Ginting et al., 1998a,b; Johnson et al., 1979; Seta et al., 1993; Zhao et al., 2001;
*C14* Improve infiltration capacity of the soil :
-- Ulén et al., 2002; Ulén, 2004;
*C18* Improve subsurface drainage (install artificial drains)
-- Bengtson et al., 1988; Turtola & Paajanen, 1995
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D. Options for reducing phosphorus transport on field scale
-- Blanco-Canquia et al., 2004
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E. Options for reducing phosphorus transport in surface water
Ann et al., 2000a,b;
Braskerud, 2000, 2001, 2002;
Dosskey, 2001; Dunne et al., 2005; Gray et al., 2000; Kadlec, 1999; Lantzke et al., 1999;
Liikanen et al., 2004; Marti et al., 2004;Reddy et al., 1999;
Richardson,1985, 1999;
*E6* Immobilising amendments to constructed wetlands
-- Ann et al., 2000a,b; Gray et al., 2000;
*E9* Immobilising amendments to sediments
-- Rydin et al., 2000;
*E10* Prevent that eutrofied surface water enters P-sensitive water (re-routing)
-- Meissner et al., 2003;
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F. Options for abating consequences of eutrophication in surface water
-- Hosper, 1997
*F5* Increase lake depth (reduces resuspension of sediment by wind)
-- Hosper, 1997
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Alvisyahrin, T., D.M. Miller, T.C. Daniel, and P.A. Moore. 1998. Bioavailable phosphorus in WTR-amended, excessively manured soils. In Annual Meeting Abstracts ASA, CSSA, SSSA, Madison, WI USA. p. 1998, p. 203.